Utilisation of Artificial Intelligence Through ChatGPT in Teaching: A Comprehensive Review of Perspectives and Future Directions

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive literature review on the utilization of artificial intelligence, particularly ChatGPT, in educational settings, focusing on both high school and higher education. A systematic search strategy was employed, identifying 200 Indonesian articles on ChatGPT's use in higher education and 200 in junior high schools over the past five years. The thematic analysis identified key trends, benefits, challenges, and future potential of ChatGPT in teaching, as well as the ethical concerns related to its use. The findings reveal that ChatGPT has significantly impacted educational practices, particularly in enhancing student engagement, motivation, and cognitive skills. However, the use of this AI tool raises concerns about academic integrity, over-reliance on technology, and ethical challenges. Word frequency and co-occurrence network analyses showed a strong emphasis on pedagogical roles in high school, focusing on teacher-student interactions and skill development. In contrast, higher education research highlights broader institutional and technological adoption, emphasizing academic tasks and ethical implications. The sharp rise in research from 2023 onwards reflects the growing relevance and capabilities of AI in education. While both high schools and universities adopt ChatGPT, they prioritize different areas: classroom engagement in high schools and institutional digital transformation in higher education. The article also outlines key gaps in the literature, suggesting future research directions to explore long-term impacts and the ethical integration of AI in education.

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