Human Feasibility Constrained AI: A Conceptual Framework for Next-Generation Human-AI Systems

Abstract

This paper introduces human feasibility constrained AI as a way to explain why increasingly powerful machine learning systems still fail when deployed in real-world social and institutional contexts. Rather than attributing deployment failures solely to model performance or data limitations, it argues that some constraints in human–AI systems are fundamentally non-learnable: they arise from responsibility, legitimacy, ethics, and institutional governance, and therefore cannot be optimized away by scaling models or improving accuracy. The paper distinguishes between learnable functions (e.g., prediction, pattern recognition, optimization under fixed objectives) and non-learnable human responsibilities (e.g., defining boundaries, interpreting outputs in context, assuming accountability, and governing failures). It then sketches a simple formal decomposition in which human feasibility constraints restrict the feasible policy space and structure escalation, override, and ex post review, independently of what can be learned from data. Building on case studies from education, criminal justice, and AI-enabled clinical decision support, the paper proposes a four-level model of human–AI collaboration: Level 0 (tool usage), Level 1 (verification), Level 2 (boundary definition and task allocation), and Level 3 (accountability and failure governance). It argues that higher levels remain structurally human even as AI capabilities grow, and that system design, evaluation, and governance should be organized around these non-delegable responsibilities rather than treating human involvement as residual “friction.” The framework is intended as a conceptual and theoretical foundation for future work on AI system design, human–AI collaboration, and AI governance in domains such as health care, public services, and infrastructure management.

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