Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: Hidden Dangers

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been on the horizon for several decades and offers applications for the medical field, such as radiographic interpretation. Deep AI involves a neural network that is the equivalent of an electronic model of brain neurons. The network is a keystone for deep AI but involves no specific ethical reasoning. Given the spectrum of potential commercial developments, stakeholders must consider the ethics of decision making. The first of four basic elements of medical ethics is autonomy, which provides the patient with independence of thought and decision making and freedom from coercion or coaxing, leading to fully informed patient consent. The second is justice, in which new or experimental treatments share burdens and benefits that are distributed throughout all groups. The third is beneficence or the intent to do good for the patient. The fourth is nonmaleficence, where the goal is to do no harm to patient or society as a whole. AI is no longer the future; it is here and growing in orthopaedics-related applications. Knowledge of and consideration for medical ethics are critical when evaluating AI applications. In this article, we discuss the impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease epidemic and the international approach to ethical considerations.

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