22 AI and Robotics in Cardiothoracic Surgery: Transforming Precision, Safety, and Global Adoption

Abstract

Abstract Background Cardiothoracic surgery demands precision and innovation. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotic technologies have transformed this field by reducing complication rates, enhancing surgical accuracy, and improving patient recovery. These technologies have optimized outcomes in the UK, minimizing human error (Etienne et al., 2020). This review examines the impact of AI and robotics in cardiothoracic surgery, focusing on clinical benefits in the UK and adoption challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Method A systematic literature review from 2018 to 2023 was conducted using PubMed, MedLine, and The Lancet. Search terms included “AI in surgery” and “robotic cardiothoracic surgery.” Studies were selected based on relevance to AI, robotics, patient safety, cost-effectiveness, and adoption barriers. Results Robotic-assisted surgery has enhanced precision in procedures like mitral valve repair and CABG, with the da Vinci Surgical System reducing operative times by 25%. St Bartholomew’s Hospital reported a 30% reduction in complication rates (Chitwood Jr., 2022). AI algorithms in NHS hospitals reduced readmissions by 20-30%, improving outcomes and cost efficiency (Bellini et al., 2021). Adoption in LMICs remains limited due to high costs, underscoring the need for scalable solutions (Gumbs et al., 2021). Conclusions AI and robotics have revolutionized precision and safety in cardiothoracic surgery, especially in the UK. However, LMICs face adoption barriers requiring cost-effective strategies and partnerships. Ethical concerns like data privacy and algorithmic bias must be addressed to ensure equitable outcomes. Collaboration among surgeons, engineers, and data scientists is crucial to advance these technologies globally.

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