Context Matching is not Reasoning: Assessing Generalized Evaluation of Generative Language Models in Clinical Settings

Abstract

Current discussion surrounding the clinical capabilities of generative language models (GLMs) predominantly center around multiple-choice question-answer (MCQA) benchmarks derived from clinical licensing examinations. While accepted for human examinees, characteristics unique to GLMs bring into question the validity of such benchmarks. Here, we validate four benchmarks using eight GLMs, ablating for parameter size and reasoning capabilities, validating via prompt permutation three key assumptions that underpin the generalizability of MCQA-based assessments: that knowledge is applied, not memorized, that semantic consistency will lead to consistent answers, and that situations with no answers can be recognized. While large models are more resilient to our perturbations compared to small models, we globally invalidate these assumptions, with implications for reasoning models. Additionally, despite retaining the knowledge, small models are prone to answer memorization. All models exhibit significant failure in null-answer scenarios. We then suggest several adaptations for more robust benchmark designs more reflective of real-world conditions.

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