Human Evaluators vs. LLM-as-a-Judge: Toward Scalable, Real-Time Evaluation of GenAI in Global Health

Abstract

Abstract Evaluating the outputs of generative AI (GenAI) models in healthcare remains a significant bottleneck for the safe and scalable deployment of these tools. Human expert raters remain the gold standard for assessing the accuracy, contextual appropriateness, and empathy of AI-generated responses, but their assessments are costly, inconsistent, and difficult to scale. The concept of “LLM-as-a-judge” systems, i.e., AI models that can evaluate other AI outputs, has been recently proposed; however, their reliability in global health contexts remains untested. In this study, we systematically compared five LLM-judges and six expert human clinicians in evaluating both human- and AI-generated responses to real-world questions submitted by Rwandan community health workers seeking clinical decision support. Using an adapted version of the Med-PaLM 2 evaluation framework, evaluators scored responses across 11 criteria. Our results show that even the highest-performing LLM-judge (Claude-4.1-Opus) achieved human-equivalent evaluations on only four of eleven criteria. Constructing “LLM juries” to balance model-specific biases improved agreement on only one additional criterion. Some models were consistently overcritical (GPT-5) or overly lenient (Gemini-2.5-Pro). Moreover, performance and cost-effectiveness deteriorated substantially when moving from English to Kinyarwanda inputs. Overall, while LLM-judges demonstrate potential as scalable and internally consistent evaluators of GenAI outputs in healthcare, their sensitivity to linguistic and cultural context is a critical limitation. These findings underscore the need for further investment in scalable evaluation solutions, as well as potentially a fundamental rethink of how we approach the concept of “correctness” in clinical AI assessment (which is currently based on highly inconsistent expert clinician raters).

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