Clinical Effectiveness of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Prediction Model for Cardiac Arrest in General Ward-Admitted Patients: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

<b>Background:</b> Ward patients who experience clinical deterioration are at high risk of mortality. Conventional rapid response systems (RRS) using track-and-trigger protocols have not consistently demonstrated improved outcomes. This study evaluated the impact of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based cardiac arrest prediction model. <b>Methods:</b> This 1-year, prospective, non-randomized interventional trial assigned hospitalized patients with AI-based software as a medical device (AI-SaMD) high-risk alerts to groups based on their subsequent clinical response; those reassessed or treated within 24 h comprised the AI-SaMD-guided cohort, while the remainder formed the usual care cohort. Alerts prompted an optional but not mandatory treatment review. The primary outcome was ward-based cardiac arrest; the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Multivariable regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounders. <b>Results:</b> Of 35,627 general ward admissions, 2906 triggered an AI-SaMD alert. Among these, 1409 (48.4%) were allocated to the AI-SaMD-guided cohort. The incidence of cardiac arrest significantly decreased from 2.07% to 1.06% (adjusted risk ratio (RR), 0.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.20-0.88; <i>p</i> < 0.01). In-hospital mortality also significantly declined (adjusted RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.32-0.98; <i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> AI-SaMD-guided alerts were associated with reductions in cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality without requiring additional resources, supporting their integration into current clinical workflows to improve patient safety and optimize RRS performance.

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