ChatGPT as an Early-Stage Design Tool in Architectural Education: Pedagogical Uses, Constraints, and Implications

Abstract

This study examines how ChatGPT supports students during the preliminary and design development stages in architectural education. It focuses on the tool’s ability to help generate spatial layouts, suggest materials, and describe interior elements. ChatGPT helps students begin their design ideas and provides coherent text-based descriptions. However, it does not show clear spatial reasoning, follow specific design rules, or respond well to revisions. These issues limit its use in creating complete and acceptable design solutions. The study stresses the importance of reviewing AI-generated content carefully and using the tool only as a support under the guidance of instructors. Based on actual use in design tasks, the study presents several teaching suggestions for using AI in architecture classes. The results show that while ChatGPT can support early design thinking, it cannot take the place of professional judgment and formal design validation in architectural training.

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