Sequencing AI Automation and Data Interoperability in Oncology: A Scenario-Planning Framework Coupled With Discrete-Event Simulation (Preprint)

Abstract

<sec> <title>BACKGROUND</title> As oncology workflows integrate increasingly autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) agents, health systems face uncertainty regarding operational impacts. Traditional linear forecasting methods fail to capture second-order effects such as governance saturation, induced demand, and bottleneck migration. To navigate this complexity, the emerging field of Medical Futures Studies requires methodologies that bridge qualitative strategic foresight with quantitative operational modeling. These system-level dynamics directly influence patient access to timely diagnosis and treatment, with direct consequences for patient access, treatment delays, and health system resilience. </sec> <sec> <title>OBJECTIVE</title> To develop a proof-of-concept framework for stress-testing AI adoption strategies in oncology by coupling qualitative scenario planning with computational discrete-event simulation (DES). </sec> <sec> <title>METHODS</title> We defined a strategic state space using two orthogonal axes, AI automation intensity and data interoperability, resulting in four distinct futures scenarios. We translated these qualitative narratives into a quantitative DES model to simulate a 3-year operational horizon. The model quantified system performance (Referral-to-Treatment Interval [RTTI], throughput), volatility, and resource constraints across different adoption trajectories. </sec> <sec> <title>RESULTS</title> The scenario planning phase yielded four operational archetypes (analog oncology, automation islands, interconnected clinicians, and AI-orchestrated care) with distinct constraints, risks and failure modes. In the simulation, the fully integrated scenario maximized capacity (1,244 patients/year) and halved the mean RTTI to 14.9 days, a magnitude comparable to major pathway redesign interventions. Isolated automation without data infrastructure led to reduced system performance, increasing RTTI by 26% (37.1 days) and reducing throughput to 647 patients/year due to administrative governance saturation. The model demonstrated a structural bottleneck migration: successful upstream AI adoption shifted binding constraints from diagnostic scanners to downstream chemotherapy infusion units, while missing data interoperability resulted in governance constraints. Pathway optimization analysis indicated that a coordinated strategy prioritizing early improvements in data interoperability reduced transition volatility compared to an automation-first approach. </sec> <sec> <title>CONCLUSIONS</title> Integrating qualitative scenario planning with quantitative simulations enabled a systematic evaluation of oncology AI adoption strategies. As a proof of concept, it offers a replicable framework for health leaders to model future scenarios of digital transformation in times of high uncertainty. Subsequent work should expand this methodology to incorporate financial and health equity dimensions, establishing simulation-based scenario planning as an important tool in Medical Futures Studies. </sec>

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