Artificial Intelligence for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: An Umbrella Review of Applications and Translational Challenges

Abstract

Razieh Parizad,1 Juniali Hatwal,2 Ajit Brar,3 Rupak Desai,4 Akash Batta,5 Bishav Mohan5 1Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Advanced Cardiac Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University at Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA; 4Independent Researcher, Outcomes Research, Atlanta, GA, USA; 5Department of Cardiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Ludhiana, IndiaCorrespondence: Akash Batta, Department of Cardiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital (DMCH), Ludhiana, India, Tel +91 9815496786, Email akashbatta02@gmail.comBackground: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Conventional risk prediction models often demonstrate suboptimal calibration and limited generalizability across populations. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), enable integration of multimodal clinical and imaging data for individualized cardiovascular risk estimation.Objective: To evaluate the applications, predictive performance, and translational limitations of AI models for cardiovascular risk prediction within an umbrella review framework.Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were systematically searched for studies published between January 2015 and October 2025 investigating AI-based prediction of cardiovascular outcomes. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Predictive performance was the primary outcome, mainly assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Methodological quality was evaluated using established risk-of-bias tools. From 3500 identified records, 48 studies (8 RCTs, 28 cohort studies, and 12 systematic reviews or meta-analyses) were included in the final analysis.Results: AI models achieved AUC values greater than 0.90 in more than 70% of imaging-based studies. Evidence synthesis showed predominant reliance on internal validation, inconsistent calibration reporting, and limited evaluation of algorithmic fairness. Multimodal data integration improved detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF). Wearable monitoring was associated with 18– 25% lower hospitalization rates compared with usual care.Conclusion: AI improves predictive accuracy in cardiovascular risk assessment. Despite strong discrimination performance (AUC), methodological heterogeneity, insufficient calibration assessment, algorithmic bias, limited external validation, and regulatory uncertainty remain major barriers to implementation. Clinical translation requires multicenter RCTs, explainable AI frameworks, and standardized reporting guidelines such as Transparent Reporting of a Multivariable Prediction Model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis Artificial Intelligence (TRIPOD-AI).Plain Language Summary: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide, yet commonly used clinical risk prediction tools do not perform equally well across populations. This umbrella review shows that artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to improve cardiovascular risk prediction.By analyzing nearly fifty high-quality studies published over the past decade, we found that AI-based prediction models often outperform traditional risk scores in estimating future cardiovascular events. This umbrella review integrated evidence from original research studies and previously published systematic reviews while minimizing duplication of data. In many investigations, particularly those using cardiovascular imaging, AI models demonstrated substantially higher predictive accuracy. Studies combining multiple data sources, including electronic health records, imaging data, genetic information, and wearable device monitoring, demonstrated improved diagnostic performance coronary artery disease (CAD) and heart failure (HF). Continuous monitoring using wearable technologies was associated with a reduction in hospitalization rates in prospective comparisons with usual care.Despite these promising findings, several challenges remain before AI can be routinely implemented in clinical practice. Variation in study design, potential algorithmic bias, and evolving regulatory requirements continue to limit widespread adoption. Overall, AI exhibits strong potential strong potential to support more personalized cardiovascular care; however, large prospective clinical trials and transparent reporting standards are necessary to confirm safety, fairness, and reliability before broad clinical integration.Keywords: artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, cardiovascular diseases, risk assessment, precision medicine

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