Nurses' competencies for implementing digital tools and artificial intelligence in healthcare – historical aspects

Abstract

Digitalization in healthcare is a revolutionary process redefining access, quality, and efficiency of medical services. The relevance of the topic is driven by rapid technological progress and the need to trace the historical development of digital tools and artificial intelligence (AI) in the sector. The aim of this article is to analyze the stages of implementation of these technologies, assess their role in transforming nursing practice, and identify the key competencies required for their successful integration. The transformation of nursing practice in the digital era represents a fundamental shift in modern healthcare. From the first computer systems in the 1950s–1960s to contemporary AI-powered solutions, technological progress has profoundly changed the role of nurses. Early systems laid the foundation for electronic health records (EHR), while after 2000, there has been a widespread introduction of EHRs, telemedicine, and mobile health applications. The last decade has been marked by the integration of machine learning, the internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and the acceleration of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Modern nurses must possess technical skills, data analytics capabilities, and cybersecurity competencies. Major challenges include balancing technology with human-centered care, continuous education, and addressing ethical dilemmas. Future directions include blockchain, personalized medicine, and extended reality applications. Successful adaptation requires combining technical expertise with a humanistic approach. Current research emphasizes the need to optimize human–technology interaction in healthcare.

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