Emergence of artificial intelligence in dentistry across global regions: focus on Africa and the West African subregion

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming diagnostic and therapeutic pathways in dentistry, although the pace and extent of its adoption vary significantly across regions. Aim: This article compares the development and implementation of AI in dental practice across major global regions and identifies strategic priorities for accelerating responsible and equitable AI adoption in West Africa. Methods: A structured search of the global literature was conducted to identify English-language publications on AI applications in dentistry from 2015 to the present. Searches were performed across major scholarly databases using combinations of keywords related to AI and dentistry. Retrieved publications were screened using predefined eligibility criteria and subjected to narrative review to extract information on domains of AI application, stages of implementation, digital infrastructure readiness, regulatory context, and regional adoption patterns. A comparative thematic synthesis was then conducted to categorize regions by stage of AI emergence and to identify key drivers and barriers to adoption. Results: The initial search yielded 1,125 publications. After abstract screening and eligibility filtering, 109 publications remained, and full-text review identified 16 core articles for analysis. High-income regions demonstrate rapid progression from proof-of-concept models to clinically integrated AI tools. In contrast, West Africa remains at an early stage of adoption, characterized by significant oral health needs, limited digital infrastructure, scarce research, and minimal clinical deployment. Conclusion: Bridging this gap will require investment in digital infrastructure, context-appropriate AI applications, local data development, capacity building, and ethical governance frameworks.

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